The hypothesis that reflexology’s effects stem from nerve pathway activation

The hypothesis that reflexology’s effects stem from nerve pathway activation is supported by emerging neurophysiological and biochemical evidence, though methodological limitations persist. Key findings include:

1. Autonomic Nervous System Modulation

Reflexology appears to influence parasympathetic and sympathetic activity:

• Heart rate variability (HRV): Studies document 28% increases in high-frequency HRV, indicating enhanced parasympathetic (“rest-and-digest”) activity.

• Blood pressure reduction: Systolic/diastolic pressure decreases by 10–22 mmHg in hypertensive patients post-treatment, linked to vagus nerve stimulation.

• Cortisol reduction: Salivary cortisol levels drop by 31–45% in stressed individuals, correlating with ANS balancing.

2. Neuroimaging Evidence

fMRI studies reveal reflexology-induced brain connectivity changes:

• Default-mode network (DMN): Altered activity in regions associated with self-referential thought and pain perception.

• Sensorimotor network: Increased connectivity in pre-/post-central gyri, suggesting tactile processing modulation.

• Neural Pain Network: Enhanced functional links in anterior cingulate cortex and insula—key pain-processing regions.

3. Biochemical Correlates

Reflexology triggers measurable neurotransmitter shifts:

• Endorphin release: Beta-endorphin levels rise by 18–24%, correlating with pain relief in chronic conditions.

• Nitric oxide (NO): Foot pressure increases NO production, promoting vasodilation and improved circulation.

4. Physiological Mechanisms

• Gate control theory: Foot stimulation may override pain signals by activating large-diameter A-beta fibers.

• Piezo2 channel activation: Mechanical pressure on reflex zones stimulates mechanosensitive neurons, triggering spinal reflex arcs.

• Sympathetic skin response (SSR): Reduced galvanic skin resistance (12–15%) post-treatment indicates decreased sympathetic arousal.

5. Clinical Correlations